space and physics

[r_trooll15 827]

right, who needs help about this stuff. Given that i want to go into physics as a career, i know quite a bit. I'm also knowledgeable in space, as i love space, especially exotic objects like black holes.

[r_trooll15 827]

On 5/24/2020 at 2:02 AM, spiderman1000 said:

Black hole is a singularity, not a hole. It is formed when an Supergaint star ends its life in a hypernova explosion. Black hole are of four types: stellar, intermediate, supermassive, and miniature. The idea of a wormhole comes from the black hole. Though wormhole is theoretical, Its closest relative is a blackhole.

 

Hope this helps

A black hole is a region of spacetime where the gravity is so strong that not even light can escape. A wormhole is a possible solution to the einstein field equations, based on a black hole, but with the idea that physics doesn't like rips in spacetime. It can also be assumed from the penrose diagrams of a rotating and/or charged black hole. However, we are unable to prove this.

[r_trooll15 827]

On 6/14/2020 at 2:17 AM, F41TH said:

Can someone explain me about "phase"?

Phase in waves ofc.

ok so a phase in a wave is the angle representing the point.

basically, think of a sin wave. The graph of a sin wave can be described by a function such as f(x) = sin(theta)

The wave itself doesn't have a phase, the points on the wave do. basically, the phase of a point on a wave is the angle whose sine gives you the point on the wave. 

 

For more info, there is a wikipedia article on the matter:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(waves)

[r_trooll15 827]

On 6/2/2020 at 4:36 AM, Viking4s said:

How works the LHC?

https://videos.cern.ch/record/2020780

 

The LHC works by taking atoms and ionizing them to make them have a charge. This is done so that a magnetic field can have an effect on the ion. This is then injected into a linear accelerator to get them up to about 50MeV energies. They are gradually sent through larger and larger synchrotrons to get then up to a decent energy of 450GeV. This is done probably for effectiveness and efficiency, as well as the opportunity to bunch them up and be able to send them in opposite directions in the main ring. Through the use of magnets, you can give the ions kicks in energy, which speeds them up. Then, in the main ring, they can be brought up to 6.5 TeV. To give you a scale of how much that is, lets do some calculations.

6.5 TeraelectronVolts is equivalent to 2.489 * 10^-16 tons of TNT. This is per ion.

We can then find out how much that is per mol of ions.

2.489 * 10^-16 tons of TNT * 6.022 *10^23 mol^-1 (Avogadro's constant) = 149.9 Megatons of TNT per mol

Since this may not be understandable to some, lets see how much energy this is for a gram of hydrogen atoms.

149.9 Megatons of TNT / mol / 1.008 grams/mol = 148.7 Megatons of TNT/ gram of Hydrogen

This is about 1.487e+11 tons of tnt/kg

by comparison, having a yield of 50 megatons of tnt and a mass of 27000kg, the tsar bomba has a specific energy of 1851.85 tons of tnt/kg

Thus, the specific energy of ions in the lhc are about 80 million times as much as the specific energy of the tsar bomba, and for good reason: it take an incredible amount of energy to get as close as they do to the speed of light, 3.1 m/s off. 

We can calculate the kinetic energy required to accelerate a kg of mass to the speed found in the lhc.

Ke = mc^2 (1/(sqrt(1-v^2/c^2))  -1)

Ke = 1kg * (299792458 m/s)^2 * (1/(sqrt(1-(299792455 m/s)^2/(299792458 m/s)^2))-1)

ke = 1kg * (299792458 m/s)^2 * ((1/0.00014147029)-1)

Ke = 1kg * (299792458 m/s)^2 * 7067.62148631

ke = 1kg * 6.3520614e+20 m^2/s^2

Ke = 6.3520614 * 10 ^20 J

specific energy 6.3520614 * 10 ^20 J / kg

the specific energy of the ions is 6.22161 * 10 ^ 20 J/kg

given the rounding and stuff, this is pretty accurate. It takes a mindboggling amount of energy to accelerate the ions to such a speed. This requires pretty fine tuned equipement which needs the ions that are injected to have some energy already in it. Its like with a railgun. You dont shoot the projectile in the railgun from a standstill; it would just weld to the rails. You need to give the projectile some initial velocity so that it doesnt weld, but instead accelerates. Same with the LHC. It needs the ions to be given energy to go.

On a theoretical level, the LHC operates by giving the ions as much energy as possible, and smashing them together. This causes the collision energy to be huge, which is important, since that much energy can create elementary particles. These particles are often unstable and decay rapidly, however, their decay products must match the energy of the particle. By measuring the decay products' energies, we can determine the original energy of the particle. This is important because when we predict a particle, we determine its energy and products, and by thousands or hundred of thousands of collisions, we can eliminate all other possibilities to prove that a particle exists. The entire of particle physics is built on measuring the energies of the decay products to determine the energy of the original particle, since particles have unique energies(rest energies, not kinetic energies). This is the technique used to prove the Higgs boson.

[spiderman1000 737]

2 minutes ago, r_trooll15 said:

The LHC works by taking atoms and ionizing them to make them have a charge. This is done so that a magnetic field can have an effect on the ion. This is then injected into a linear accelerator to get them up to about 50MeV energies. They are gradually sent through larger and larger synchrotrons to get then up to a decent energy of 450GeV. This is done probably for effectiveness and efficiency, as well as the opportunity to bunch them up and be able to send them in opposite directions in the main ring. Through the use of magnets, you can give the ions kicks in energy, which speeds them up. Then, in the main ring, they can be brought up to 6.5 TeV. To give you a scale of how much that is, lets do some calculations.

6.5 TeraelectronVolts is equivalent to 2.489 * 10^-16 tons of TNT. This is per ion.

We can then find out how much that is per mol of ions.

2.489 * 10^-16 tons of TNT * 6.022 *10^23 mol^-1 (Avogadro's constant) = 149.9 Megatons of TNT per mol

Since this may not be understandable to some, lets see how much energy this is for a gram of hydrogen atoms.

149.9 Megatons of TNT / mol / 1.008 grams/mol = 148.7 Megatons of TNT/ gram of Hydrogen

This is about 1.487e+11 tons of tnt/kg

by comparison, having a yield of 50 megatons of tnt and a mass of 27000kg, the tsar bomba has a specific energy of 1851.85 tons of tnt/kg

Thus, the specific energy of ions in the lhc are about 80 million times as much as the specific energy of the tsar bomba, and for good reason: it take an incredible amount of energy to get as close as they do to the speed of light, 3.1 m/s off. 

We can calculate the kinetic energy required to accelerate a kg of mass to the speed found in the lhc.

Ke = mc^2 (1/(sqrt(1-v^2/c^2))  -1)

Ke = 1kg * (299792458 m/s)^2 * (1/(sqrt(1-(299792455 m/s)^2/(299792458 m/s)^2))-1)

ke = 1kg * (299792458 m/s)^2 * ((1/0.00014147029)-1)

Ke = 1kg * (299792458 m/s)^2 * 7067.62148631

ke = 1kg * 6.3520614e+20 m^2/s^2

Ke = 6.3520614 * 10 ^20 J

specific energy 6.3520614 * 10 ^20 J / kg

the specific energy of the ions is 6.22161 * 10 ^ 20 J/kg

given the rounding and stuff, this is pretty accurate. It takes a mindboggling amount of energy to accelerate the ions to such a speed. This requires pretty fine tuned equipement which needs the ions that are injected to have some energy already in it. Its like with a railgun. You dont shoot the projectile in the railgun from a standstill; it would just weld to the rails. You need to give the projectile some initial velocity so that it doesnt weld, but instead accelerates. Same with the LHC. It needs the ions to be given energy to go.

On a theoretical level, the LHC operates by giving the ions as much energy as possible, and smashing them together. This causes the collision energy to be huge, which is important, since that much energy can create elementary particles. These particles are often unstable and decay rapidly, however, their decay products must match the energy of the particle. By measuring the decay products' energies, we can determine the original energy of the particle. This is important because when we predict a particle, we determine its energy and products, and by thousands or hundred of thousands of collisions, we can eliminate all other possibilities to prove that a particle exists. The entire of particle physics is built on measuring the energies of the decay products to determine the energy of the original particle, since particles have unique energies(rest energies, not kinetic energies). This is the technique used to prove the Higgs boson.

at moments like this i feel proud to have made this topic.

[r_trooll15 827]

Just now, spiderman1000 said:

at moments like this i feel proud to have made this topic.

this took about 1 hour of research and calculations to do

[spiderman1000 737]

1 minute ago, r_trooll15 said:

this took about 1 hour of research and calculations to do

i can see. nice work bro! youre going in the genius place.

[Viking4s 10,791]

Interesting findings Dark matter hunt yields unexplained signal https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-53085260 
 

[Viking4s 10,791]

All-sky survey by X-ray telescope.
 

[r_trooll15 827]

cool, I wonder what the colors are. After all, this is an xray survey, so this isn't the original colors, or maybe its an xray overlay over a visible light survey

Edited June 19, 2020 by r_trooll15
I elaborated

[Viking4s 10,791]

41 minutes ago, r_trooll15 said:

cool, I wonder what the colors are. After all, this is an xray survey, so this isn't the original colors, or maybe its an xray overlay over a visible light survey

Yes it is in false color to show the energy (keV - Kilo electronVolt), red: 0.3 - 0. keV, blue: 1.0-2.3 keV, green: 1.0-2.3 keV

[Person_Random 4,991]

I will be starting a physics website soon. any ideas?

[spiderman1000 737]

4 minutes ago, Person_Random said:

I will be starting a physics website soon. any ideas?

Space stuff!!!

[r_trooll15 827]

discussions about theoretical physics and black holes would be awesome!

[Venem 615]

40 minutes ago, Person_Random said:

I will be starting a physics website soon. any ideas?

Tips to memorize the annoyingly large number of formulae in numericals...

[r_trooll15 827]

Just now, SHREYA88 said:

Tips to memorize the annoyingly large number of formulae in numericals...

post some here, we could try to make some tips, maybe a mnemonic or such. would be helpful for many people 

[Venem 615]

2 minutes ago, r_trooll15 said:

post some here, we could try to make some tips, maybe a mnemonic or such. would be helpful for many people 

They're tough to post... XD

Too many Greek alphabets, or divisions...

Edited June 20, 2020 by SHREYA88

[r_trooll15 827]

Just now, SHREYA88 said:

They're tough to post... XD

how come? at least give the general topics.

[Venem 615]

1 minute ago, r_trooll15 said:

how come? at least give the general topics.

Electrostatics has about twenty, Electricity and Magnetism has a lot...

Rotational Dynamics also has it's share...

[Venem 615]

6 minutes ago, r_trooll15 said:

post some here, we could try to make some tips, maybe a mnemonic or such. would be helpful for many people 

Could you post some?? I find it very difficult to post complex stuff on the Forum... especially Images... I dunno why that doesn't work for me...

[r_trooll15 827]

2 minutes ago, SHREYA88 said:

Electrostatics has about twenty, Electricity and Magnetism has a lot...

Rotational Dynamics also has it's share...

So post the hardest ones so that it would benefit not only you but others as well

i use mnemonics and those are unique to a formula. I also sometimes derive it straight from the question asked of me

Edited June 20, 2020 by r_trooll15

[F41TH 483]

11 hours ago, Person_Random said:

I will be starting a physics website soon. any ideas?

Emphasis on modern physics.

[F41TH 483]

10 hours ago, SHREYA88 said:

Tips to memorize the annoyingly large number of formulae in numericals...

They're easy.

[Viking4s 10,791]

A Comet called Neowise has been spotted by stargazers around the world as it heads past Earth.
The comet will be closest to the Earth on 23 July but will still be about 64 million miles (103 million km) away. 

For UK folks look in the direction of North-West.

 

Edited July 12, 2020 by Viking4s

[AncientFire 1,894]

this has been going on for a few weeks, but you might see 2 very bright objects right next to the moon, thats jupiter and saturn

you can see them very clearly with your naked eye